Mammography health beliefs and awareness levels among females working at a higher education institution in South Africa

Abstract

Introduction: Mammography imaging is important for the early detection of breast cancer. With global breast cancer statistics rising annually, the utilisation of mammography services is important. However, many females are not undergoing mammography at regular intervals to ensure early detection of breast cancer. An individual’s health belief towards breast cancer and in turn mammography influences utilisation thereof. The question of whether females are aware of mammography and their level of awareness is important to improve the utilisation of mammography. Aim: This study aimed to determine the Mammography Health Beliefs and awareness levels of females working at a higher education institution (HEI) in South Africa (SA), in terms of mammography utilisation, in order to develop recommendations to promote mammography awareness. Methods: A quantitative, descriptive correlational study was conducted. The research study included all females of 35 years and older, employed as a permanent staff member or employed on a full-time contract at the research site. The research tool was an online questionnaire that was adapted from the Champions Health Belief Model Scale. A response rate of 38% was achieved. Data analysis was conducted utilising the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were obtained during data analysis. Results: The study revealed that females will undergo mammography as they perceive that breast cancer is severe, however, they feel that they are not at risk for breast cancer. Further, the benefits of having a mammogram encourage them to have the procedure despite the barrier of cost and the perceived pain of a mammogram. A female is more likely to have a mammogram if their general practitioner (GP) or gynaecologist recommends the imaging modality. Despite the majority of females conducting breast self-examinations (BSE), they do not view it as a replacement for mammography. This study further revealed that an increased education level results in an increase in the utilisation of mammography; however, the frequency (mammogram intervals) in which participants undergo mammography is lengthy.

Conclusion: This study ascertained the Mammography Health Beliefs of females working at an HEI and the relationship between their educational level and mammography utilisation. Additionally, based on the study findings there is evidence to suggest the need for the implementation of awareness programmes to further promote mammography services.