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Ultrasound is widely used in most medical clinics, especially obstetrical clinics. It is a way of imaging methods that has important diagnostic value. Although useful in many different applications, diagnostic ultrasound is especially useful in antenatal (before delivery) diagnosis. The use of two-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS) in obstetrics has been established. However, there are many disadvantages of 2DUS imaging. Several researchers have published information on the significance of patients being shown the ultrasound screen during examination, especially during three- and four-dimensional (3D/4D) scanning. In addition, a form of ultrasound, called keepsake or entertainment ultrasound, has boomed, particularly in the United States. However, long-term epidemiological studies have failed to show the adverse effects of ultrasound in human tissues. Until now, there is no proof that diagnostic ultrasound causes harm in a human body or the developing foetus when used correctly. While ultrasound is supposed to be absolutely safe, it is a form of energy and, as such, has effects on tissues it traverses (bio-effects). The two most important mechanisms for effects are thermal and non-thermal. These two mechanisms are indicated on the screen of ultrasound devices by two indices: The thermal index (TI) and the mechanical index (MI). These are the purposes of this thesis: • evaluate end-users’ knowledge regarding the safety of ultrasound; • evaluate and make a comparison between acoustic output indices (AOI) in B-mode (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound – those measured by thermal (TI) and mechanical (MI) indices; • assess the acoustic output indices (AOI) to benchmark current practice with a survey conducted by the British Medical Ultrasound Society (BMUS); and • review how to design 2D and 3D arrays for medical ultrasound imaging

This thesis describes the development of a 5-Tone Zentral Verband Electrotechische Industrie eZVEI) Encoder Analyser. The 5-Tone ZVEI Encoder Analyser is used by the Radio Section of the Test and Metering Branch, which falls under the Electricity Department of the Cape Town City Council. It assists the Quality Assurance Technician in determining whether the 5 tone ZVEI encoder, of the radio under test, is operating within the manufacturers specifications. Various manufacturers of radio equipment tender for the supply of mobile radios fitted with ZVEI tone The Radio Section are now capable of testing encoders. all the various radios and comparing the analysed ZVEI specifications of each manufacturer's radio. The results can be used to assist management in deciding which radio would be the most suitable for purchasing. The development of the 5-Tone ZVEI Encoder Analyser involved the design and development of hardware and software. It was designed to be housed in a compact enclosure and to interface to a Motorola Communications System Analyser Model R-2001C. The RF output, from the radio under test, connects to the RF input of the Communications System Analyser. The demodulated output of the Communications System Analyser connects to the input of the 5-Tone ZVEI Encoder Analyser. The softwa~e was designed using PLM-51 high level language to p~ovide ~eal-time analysis of va~ious selective-calls (selcalls) ~eceived f~om the demodulated output of the Communications System Analyser. Once all 5 tones of the ZVEI selcall have been analysed the software background task is flagged and the analysed results a~e displayed as various MODES of display on a 16 cha~acte~ by 4 line dot matrix display. The following parameters of the ZVEI selcall a~e analysed: i) Frequency Digits. ii) Frequency fo~ each of the 5 tones. iii) Tone Duration for each of the 5 tones. iv) Frequency Error for the 5 tones. v) Tone Duration Er~or for the 5 tones. The design and development of the 5-Tone ZVEI Encode~ Analyser was conducted at the Computer Section of the Electricity Depa~tment, Cape Town City Council.

This thesis investigates the advancements in fifth-generation (5G) mobile technology, with a particular focus on the 5G Fog Radio Access Network (5G-FRAN) architecture and resource optimization. The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) deployments has heightened the demand for latency-efficient applications positioned closer to end-users, necessitating a critical evaluation of resource management in 5G networks. The research begins with a comprehensive literature review of Cloud Radio Access Network (CRAN) architectures and their variations. CRAN is pivotal for reducing operational and maintenance costs for mobile network operators. However, the exponential growth of IoT devices, surpassing 900 million by 2023, exposes the limitations of CRAN’s centralized network structure, particularly its vulnerability to fronthaul congestion. To address these challenges, the 5G-FRAN architecture offers significant enhancements, including improved mobility, optimized radio resource allocation, superior service quality, and low latency. Despite these advancements, challenges such as resource allocation, end-to-end latency, and energy efficiency persist. Consequently, this thesis proposes machine learning-based resource management schemes to mitigate these challenges and meet industrial requirements effectively. Thus, a novel cell association technique is developed to manage bandwidth in 5G-FRANs by accounting for subscriber mobility. The proposed approach employs probability distributions of time intervals and cell identifications to construct a Hidden Semi-Markov Model (HsMM) that predicts the optimal next cell for meeting downstream rate requirements. The model addresses critical issues, including ping-pong effects, missing data, and restrictive wireless environments, thereby enhancing user traffic prediction. Results demonstrate that the HsMM-based method achieves high accuracy with respect to observation time intervals and significantly improves user satisfaction compared to existing systems. Furthermore, Eigen decomposition (ED)-based feature extraction techniques, specifically Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), which are applied to attributes derived from the dataset. The extracted features are then utilized in machine learning models to detect and classify service segments. Hence, in the thesis a detailed description of the dataset and the implementation of the ED-based feature extraction techniques is provided. The workflow of the machine learning models is illustrated using block diagrams, followed by an in-depth explanation of the experimental design. Experiments were conducted using a range of machine learning algorithms, including Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbours (K-NN), Random Forest (RF), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), and their combinations with PCA and LDA. These models were tested on fog computing application datasets featuring multi-class classification scenarios and noise-injected environments. Thereafter, a thorough analysis of the experimental results, focusing on the impact of dimensionality reduction on model accuracy, efficiency, and resilience to noise in various machine learning configurations. This thesis makes several notable contributions. It provides an in-depth analysis of the latest 5G network architectures and demonstrates the efficacy of HsMM in optimizing limited spectrum resources using machine learning techniques. Additionally, the study introduces and evaluates two ED-based feature extraction techniques (PCA and LDA) across multiple machine learning models, significantly reducing computational complexity while improving model performance. These techniques enable efficient processing of large datasets, enhancing the accuracy, reliability, and scalability of machine learning models in 5G-FRAN applications.

The growing and declining demand of the different fish oil application markets. The price of heavy furnace oil compared to fish oil selling price. (Heavy furnace oil is used to generate energy) . The research also investigated the impact of low price fish oil substitutes on the South African fish oil producers. The most important substitute in the current South African majority market, the animal feed market, is vegetable oils. The research finding is that the South African fish oil producers must follow the vegetable oil selling price trend. The most important finding of the research is the high priority the fish oil quality achieves in all the fish oil market segments. The South African domestic market is limited in that it is only the animal feed market and the refinery. export market. The alternative market to sell to is the However, the international fish oil market perceives the South African fish oil to be of low quality. A mindset regarding the importance of fish oil quality has to start at the South African fish oil producers. It is vital that the South African fish oil producers institute quality systems to improve their fish oil quality. The South African fish oil producers must gear themselves to become globally competitive.

Contemporary dance theatre companies often lack the in-house knowledge to design effective marketing materials and visual communication design materials. This research asks the question: In what ways can dance theatre companies in South Africa be assisted in developing effective marketing and visual communication design materials? The research methodology is qualitative and informed by design thinking and co-design, providing an understanding of the real-world nature of the problem. Throughout the data gathering and analysis phases and moving towards finding possible solutions, the design thinking approach engaged the researcher and stakeholders in a problem-solving and innovation mindset. Co-design fostered a collaborative approach to the research, empowering stakeholders to participate actively in an iterative design process. The findings confirmed the challenges facing dance theatre companies in South Africa and the lack of inhouse knowledge to design effective marketing materials. Co-design was used to develop a prototype digital app. This human-centred design intervention is designed to simplify the complex task of designing marketing materials for dance theatre companies.

Community involvement in the public domain is a subject of great complexity, despite the large body of legislation internationally, nationally and within the City of Cape Town. This study analyses attempts by central, provincial and local spheres of government to honour the constitutional provision of the right to have access to health services. The study consists of an extensive review of the literature that comprises books, legislation and journal articles accessed from the internet. In the process, a study is made of community involvement theory, primary health care (PHC) theory and legislation pertaining to health. On the basis of this study, an input/output transformational systems model is presented of how the Health Department of the City of Cape Town can guide its management staff in achieving their primary health care objectives. The model is a normative one intent on assisting managers to attain understanding of set objectives effectively and efficiently. The assumptions underlying the model emphasise that the model strives to improve performance. Data were collected by means of a mixed approach of a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews among clinic management staff in the Health Department and ward committee members from the subcouncil. The analysis of the data collected by the questionnaire was done using SPSS, with the assistance of a registered statistician. Four major focus areas transpired from the quantitative instrument. These areas of significant concern are clinics do not have community profiles; the risk management of prevailing diseases in certain communities; clinic staff are not familiar with ward councillors or community leaders; and inactive health committees. However Ward committees as described in the Municipal Structures Act No. 117 of 1998 part 4 section 72 (3), a ward councillor represents a ward in council, with 10 additional members representing women and disabled, arts and culture, business, community based organisations, designated vulnerable groups, education, environment, faith based organisations, safety and security organisations, sports and youth. This advantages opportunity to incorporate ward committees (legislative governance representative structure) in planning health programmes must be given earnest consideration within the current resource scarce environment. Hence the proposed model for health and wellbeing, indicate “community governed” as component A in the model. The community governed oblidge the clinic to conduct a community needs assessment or focus group (community profile) sessions, that will eventuate into capacity building, partnerships and community self-reliance. Hence ward committees and health committees interrelations across provincial and municipal health governance structures within the Western Cape. One critical aspect in the provision of primary health care that enjoyed attention during the semi-structured interviews is the inaccessibility of health clinics owing to safety and public transport. The study concludes by advising on the feasibility of conducting further research on the importance of community profiles in the provision of primary health care.

The COVID-19 pandemic that swept the entire world had severe impacts on the education sector in South African, especially in public high schools located in Cape Town, Western Cape. This research examined the impact of COVID-19 on management and students in two public funded secondary schools located in two socio-economically diverse regions - Metro South and Metro Central. This research examined the impact of COVID-19 on these schools, the use of learning platforms as pandemic coping mechanisms, the impact on academic performance, school management response to the crisis, and parent/guardian support to students during the pandemic. Choosing the two schools was based on the necessity to compare the performances and the reaction to the pandemic in the schools in different socio-economic regions. The purpose was to understand how the differences affected learning experiences and outcomes. This research was employed using a multidimensional theoretical framework, based on the Transactional Distance Theory (TDT), Self-Regulated Learning Theory (SRL), Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) and Transformational Leadership Theory, as well as the Balanced Scorecard Approach. The theories helped in the understanding of learning interruptions, the leadership reaction, and the performance measurement systems in the secondary schools during the pandemic. This research employed a combination of methodologies and an interpretivist paradigm in examining the impact of COVID-19 on public secondary schools in Cape Town, Western Cape. The target audience was school principals, deputy principals, heads of departments, teachers, members of the governing body and individuals in the Western Cape Education Department (WCED). A sample of 54 people were chosen using stratified random sampling. There were 28 people from School A and 26 people from School B. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews where qualitative insights were gathered and structured questionnaires where used to collect quantitative data. Atlas.Ti were utilised to analyse qualitative data and SPSS was used to analyse quantitative data. This study ensured adherence to ethical considerations, including confidentiality, voluntary participation, and informed consent. A pilot study was done to test the research tools and make sure that the data collection was accurate and reliable. The results, which were looked at through the lens of the theoretical frameworks offered important information on the impact of COVID-19 on learning platforms, school management and academic performance as well as the need for parental support. The study concluded with suggestions on how to improve educational policies and practices to help students and teachers during times of crisis.

It is an accepted fact that small businesses are the economic growth "engines" in developed countries. This reality is given as the main reason for the active involvement of local government, in promotion and development of small enterprises, with the purpose of reversing the trend of growing unemployment in South Africa (even with high economic growth rates) and reducing the high poverty index. Internationally, local municipalities have become primary players in supporting and promoting small business. Prior to 1994, local government in South Africa is perceived to have played a passive role in this field. This study aims to evaluate and critically analyse local government's involvement in the support and promotion of small enterprises on the Cape West Coast (Western Cape Province, South Africa) in order to stimulate greater government involvement in small enterprise development. The study follows a qualitative approach in the form of interviews with a sample comprising of emerging entrepreneurs in the fishing, tourism, engineering, mining and agricultural economic sectors. On the basis of the findings, specific recommendations are made for the promotion of small enterprises as a vehicle for reducing the level of poverty.

The main hypothesis underlining this study is the belief that the great emphasis on "transfer" and "articulation" in tertiary education in California contains lessons for the tertiary sector in the RSA. Such lessons can fruitfully be examined with a view to intelligent, selective adaptation. In California an extremely flexible pattern of mobility exists between the four systems of tertiary education, namely the University of California (UC) (9 campuses), the California State University (CSU) (19 campuses), the Community Colleges (CCs) (106 campuses), and the Private/Independent sector (377 campuses). This pattern contrasts strikingly with the relatively inflexible approach in the RSA where transfer and articulation between the universities, technikons and colleges of education are not generally encouraged and do not occur too frequently. The creation of a model in the RSA which incorporates the most constructive elements of the systems in California is one of the primary objectives of this study. In the creation of this model cognisance has been taken of the many similarities and also the considerable differences in the economic, social, historical and physical conditions which exist in the RSA and in California. Every attempt has been made to avoid errors of "transplantation" which could easily take place. The key word in this study is "adaptation" and not the direct "transfer" of ideas since an eclectic approach, if applied too literally, can easily lead to an imposition of alien concepts. This study is therefore aimed primarily at focusing attention on the need for greater ''mobility'' among the tertiary education sectors in the RSA and in stimulating constructive moves in this direction. A secondary hypothesis underlying this study is the assumption that the 1960 Master Plan for Higher Education in California has proved successful and worthy of emulation in certain respects. This assumption has led to an examination of the California Plan with a view to the possible adaptation of some of its successful principles - other than "transfer" and "articulation" - in order to formulate the basis for a much needed Master Plan for Tertiary Education in the RSA. Implicit in this secondary hypothesis is a brief analysis of those aspects of the California Master Plan such as budgeting, funding, examining, control of standards, and so on, which have contributed to the success which has been achieved in California during the last three decades. This analysis is inevitably followed by a consideration of these points in the South African context in order that any constructive ideas may be incorporated or adapted to the conditions prevailing in the RSA. The universality of certain educational principles emerges clearly from this study as do the undeniable virtues of careful, logical studies of other educational systems in order that one may be in a stronger position to assess and improve one's own system.

A quantitative research study was conducted in order to obtain insight and knowledge of the perceptions of management with regard to changes taking place within the Financial Services Sector (FSS). The call centre at Sanlam Head Office in Bellville was used as a case study, and focus was primarily with first line managers at the call centre. The motivation for the study stemmed from the researcher’s experience within the FSS coupled with introduction of legislation for financial service providers. The ultimate objective of the study is to provide generic guidelines of how managers should respond to change on various and different levels and to equip managers with tools to apply during change phases and cycles within the organization. The literature review covers areas that releates to how managers responded to change in areas of leadership, culture, structure and legislation. Changes in these four areas were researched from different authors that specialize in organizational development, leadership development, organizational change and legislation. These ideas and perspectives from a range of South African and international writers gave the researcher an opportunity to conceptualize change, in general, and to provide a clearer understanding of generic competencies that are required to deal with it. Some models of how to deal with resistance to change and key success factors in dealing with it, are discussed. The researcher elected to work with managers at the Sanlam call centre, since they experience and are directly exposed to implementation of change at grassroots level. Results of the research confirm that dealing with change is a challenging experience for managers. A participatory management approach will result in less resistance from employees. The investigation also recommends that deciding on a vision with all key role players is not a once-off occurrence, but should be revisited, realigned and adjusted as the need arises within the organization. Furthermore, the results confirm that soft skill training and development such as conflict and diversity management should be implemented during the diversity and the changing face of the workplace. The main objective and recommendation is that managers should relook and revisit their management styles, involve all role players during decision making processes, and value and appreciate employee’s inputs and ideas.

The study's primary objective was to assess the efficacy of various communication channels and routes within the organisational framework of Walter Sisulu University, Ibika Campus. It aimed at gauging how employees perceived the efficiency of these communication channels, the frequency with which employees receive adequate information for their responsibilities, and the specific type of information required for internal communication at WSU. The study employed a qualitative approach, particularly utilising online focus group interviews and document analysis as research methodologies. The study population comprised employees at various hierarchical levels within the WSU Ibika Campus, and purposive sampling was used to select participants based on their potential to provide valuable insights into communication dynamics within the institution. The study employed thematic analysis, identifying and exploring patterns and themes within the collected data. The chosen research methods were well justified and aligned with the study's objectives, and ethical considerations were prioritised to protect participants' rights and privacy. The study discovered that managers and full-time union representatives receive more comprehensive information than academics and operational staff, highlighting information distribution disparities within the institution. Effective communication is crucial for aligning individuals with WSU’s mission and objectives, ensuring organisational unity. The study reveals a top-down communication flow limiting lowerlevel employee engagement and input, which may hinder strategic adaptability.

Background: Sedation and analgesia practices vary and are not described in the South African aeromedical setting. Rescue sedation has been identified as a sedation practice in the aeromedical setting but has not been defined in this context before. Previous literature has shown that validated sedation and analgesia monitoring tools are rarely used, and deep sedation is common. Early deep sedation in the prehospital setting could result in negative patient outcomes associated with fewer ventilator-free days, increased hospital length of stay, and mortality. Under sedation has been associated with negative patient outcomes relating to awareness during paralysis and may result in severe psychological and physical implications for affected patients. It is important to establish the proportion of patients who receive rescue sedation during transfer to determine how common this practice is. As sedation and analgesia affect patient outcomes during the early phase of patient care, a description of contemporary sedation and analgesia practices in the aeromedical setting is important. These insights may determine further research priorities in the South African aeromedical setting, which may influence guideline development and quality improvement. Aim: The aim of this research is to describe sedation and analgesia practices in the aeromedical setting and determine the proportion of patients who received rescue sedation. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design using retrospective chart review of patient care records (PCRs) was chosen to determine the proportion of patients in the sample who received rescue sedation and describe sedation and analgesia practices during aeromedical transfer. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to sampled PCRs. A sampling technique of simple random sampling was used during the study period, and a predetermined sample size was calculated to determine the proportion of patients who received rescue sedation. Findings: This research found that the proportion of patients who received rescue sedation was 13.9% (95% CI 9.2 - 20). The most common rescue sedative administered was ketamine. In most cases, combinations of ketamine and midazolam (62.7%) were used to provide continuous sedation and analgesia during transfer. These medications were administered by syringe driver, as a continuous infusion, in 89.2% of cases. Mean doses of the ketaminemidazolam combination infusion were 2.3mg/kg/hr (SD = 0.9) of ketamine and 0.05mg/kg/hr (SD = 0.03) of midazolam. Multimodal analgesia was rarely used (13.9%). Sedation and pain assessment scores were not documented during transfer at the participating service. The adverse event rate was 32.3%, and the most common AEs were hypotension (21.5%) and hypoxia (12%). Conclusion: Rescue sedation is used occasionally at the research site. The rationale for this practice is unknown and needs to be investigated further. Recommendations have been made to include routine documentation of sedation depth and pain assessments to establish how common deep sedation is, and whether current sedation doses -as described in this research- are accomplishing adequate sedation and analgesia during transfer. Adverse events require further research to establish potential causative factors with more certainty. Sedation and analgesia practices represent modifiable risk factors affecting patient outcomes. As such, they represent areas for further research and quality improvement.

This research addresses the urgent challenge of unsafe and non-compliant Early Childhood Development (ECD) centres in South Africa’s informal settlements, with a focus on the Samora Machel informal settlement in Philippi, Cape Town. Many of these centres operate without registration, often in makeshift structures that lack adequate space, ventilation, and sanitation, posing serious risks to children’s development and educator wellbeing Despite national policies promoting quality ECD services, systemic barriers such as misinformation, disinformation, inaccessible regulations, limited funding, and infrastructural constraints persist To respond to this, the study employed a qualitative, practice-based methodology grounded in the Double Diamond design process. This iterative framework enabled me to explore, define, develop, and deliver a co-designed solution in collaboration with ECD practitioners. Data was collected through interviews, observations, and feedback from the stakeholders, ensuring that ECD practitioner voices shaped the outcome. Findings revealed that new and unregistered ECD practitioners face misinformation, spatial issues, and access to correct information barriers in achieving compliance. In response, the study developed a comprehensive design toolkit, “Isikhukhukazi”. That consolidates regulatory guidance, spatial layout templates, and visual aids into an accessible, modular resource. This toolkit empowers new and unregistered ECD practitioners to create safe and compliant regulation-aligned learning environments. The research contributes a scalable, context-sensitive design intervention that bridges policy and practice, offering a pathway toward dignified, child-centred ECD infrastructure in under-resourced communities.

This thesis was motivated by the increasing disconnect between traditional Service-Learning (SL) models and the learning preferences of Generation Z (Gen Z) students at a University of Technology (UoT) in South Africa. The study took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, when restrictions disrupted SL projects and exposed the limitations in traditional models built around face-to-face engagement in communities and onsite project implementation. Using Generational Theory as a guide, the research aimed to create a profile of Gen Z students that reflects their learning preferences, characteristics, motivations, and personal perspectives. The intention was to inform the development of a flexible model that can adapt to generational changes and future disruptions. A qualitative case study was conducted within a pragmatic paradigm. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, a focus group interview, and an online survey. The Gen Z participants, who grew up in a digitally interconnected environment, shared their engagement with learning, while SL lecturers offered additional context. A central concern was that SL pedagogy has not been specifically adapted to Gen Z students. The results of this research suggest that this group of Gen Z students have diverse learning styles, with no learning style or learning environment being dominant. They described themselves as hardworking, determined, and compassionate, with intrinsic motivation and an optimistic outlook on life. They reported that their participation in SL projects was transformative, with students engaging in both rational discourse and critical reflection. However, the findings revealed that Gen Z students need a deeper understanding of core SL principles. They tend to adopt a ‘save the world’ mindset that neglects the reciprocal nature of community service. The pandemic further showcased the need for SL models that are digitally adaptive and can continue during crises. In response to these findings, the study proposes a flexible SL model that incorporates advanced digital strategies like Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), alongside inclusive teaching approaches such as Universal Design for Learning (UDL). Augmented Reality can be utilised to create simulated community environments for learners who are studying remotely, while VR can facilitate immersive roleplaying in socially relevant scenarios. The model also proposes structured reflection processes using a Transformative Learning Review (TLR) guide and encourages transdisciplinary projects supported by Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies. Mindfulness practices are included to promote students’ well-being. This study contributes to the body of knowledge by profiling Gen Z students’ learning preferences and characteristics within the South African higher education context, where such research remains scarce. This study advances practice by developing a flexible SL model that utilises advanced digital technologies and which allows students more than one way to engage in learning. The model is designed to enhance continuity and flexibility in SL projects, enabling students to participate meaningfully, regardless of physical limitations and without compromising the relational and reflective aspects central to SL. The TLR guide is grounded in Mezirow’s TL theory, adds a practical tool for SL lecturers in reviewing transformative learning, and promotes sustainable community service. The findings highlight the need for higher education institutional policies that support digital integration into SL initiatives, a move which will require support from university management, deans, and department heads. The COVID-19 pandemic influenced this study, limiting participant engagement and data collection. In light of this, the researcher recommends further studies to compare the proposed flexible SL model with traditional SL models and to assess its effectiveness and long-term outcomes, both for students and communities.

Work-Integrated Learning (WIL), when used in discipline-specific programmes in Higher Education (HE), presents specific benefits to students, industry and the professions, such as enhanced employability, professional identity formation, discipline-specific competence development and such. Notably, literature indicate that the assessment of WIL, regardless of the modality in which it is present in the programme, is complex and challenging. The challenges present in assessing WIL vary between programmes. Among others, challenges are fuelled by broad and non-specific competency definitions in the curriculum, narrow credentialling criteria by professional bodies, and ambiguity in competency descriptions and - criteria for achieving the goals of the discipline. An Environmental Health (EH) undergraduate professional degree programme, offered at a University of Technology (UoT) in South Africa, includes WIL, in the form of workplace-based learning (WBL) as part of its qualification. This programme, by way of its curriculum, does not clearly and explicitly describe competency criteria. Furthermore, it’s curriculum does not provide definitive proficiency levels to inform judgement of student competency. The EH WIL role-players do not form part of the assessment of competencies developed by students due to WIL. The role-players include the EH WIL student, who recognises the competencies needed for success, and their WIL supervisors, who nurture, provide guidance, and feedback on competency gaps and ways to attain and enhance these. The assessment is undertaken by the academic(s) only and is informed by broad and vague assessment criteria for WIL in the EH curriculum. Additionally, the WIL component—in its entirety—is guided and strictly monitored by its professional body, focusing on time-based exposures to the mandated duties and functions of the EH profession. Consequently, the academic assessment of WIL is aligned to the professional body credentialling criteria. The premise of this thesis was that the current assessment of WIL in the EH programme is not holistic, as it does not assess the full range of competencies developed by EH students in the workplace. The study sought to understand exactly what the competencies are that students develop and/or acquire during WIL, and which their WIL supervisors observe emerging in them. This research employed a qualitative design, using purposive sampling and employed a variety of data-collection methods. The data was collected through individual interviews, document analysis and focus group discussions to obtain in-depth insights of participants’ experiences and opinions. The data analysis was guided by Legitimation Code Theory’s (LCT) Specialization dimension. A Specialization translation device was developed and applied, to the data to enhance the strength of the analysis. The results thereof informed what is legitimised as competence to practice EH and by whom it is legitimised. Additionally, tension between the classroom assessment emphasis, workplace competencies emerging in the students, and the professional credentialling focus was confirmed. This analysis furthermore demonstrated that the EH profession is situated in an elitist code on the Specialization plane. Consequently, the current assessment of WIL must include both knowledge and knower components in its assessment of competence developed due to WIL. This research resulted in the development of a holistic assessment framework for WIL which can be adapted for numerous contexts in the EH profession. The current assessment emphasis is narrow in its focus on the competencies needed for EH practice, and overlooks the full range of competencies comprised of specialised knowledge, technical skill and practitioner relational disposition. The relational disposition includes professional values and attitudes, necessary to achieve the EH goals. The full competency range underpins entrustable professional activities (EPAs), which refer to fully and confidently entrusting the mandated duties, functions, and roles to the EH graduate. The assessment framework may therefore be easily adapted by the EH professional body for credentialling independent EH practitioners.

ccess to Justice system’s services is a fundamental human right that is embedded in the constitution of Namibia. The Justice system offers services, including legal advice and information, legal representation, and rehabilitation and reform through the Ministry of Justice (MOJ). However, it seems like a distant dream in its current implementation, especially for rural communities. This is primarily because access to the services is limited, especially for those living in the rural areas of the country, due to various challenges from both the service provider and the recipients’ perspectives. From the service providers’ standpoint, the challenges include ageing infrastructure, geographical distances, and language barriers. Challenges such as a lack of awareness, language barriers, low literacy levels, and distanciation are increasingly prohibitive to accessing the Justice system’s services. Thus, a solution is needed to improve access to MOJ services and improve service delivery to the rural communities in the country. Based on the problem, this study aimed to develop a framework that can be used to integrate MOJ services with a mobile technology-enabled platform to empower rural communities. To achieve this aim, a case study design was chosen as the most appropriate approach. Two cases (MOJ and Nam-Hana Rural Community) were selected using a set of criteria. The rural community was assigned a pseudo name, Nam-Hana, for confidentiality purposes. Participants from each case were carefully selected using a set of criteria specific to each case. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect qualitative data from the two cases separately, starting with the MOJ. The perspectives of the MOJ and the Nam-Hana community were necessary. This was to gain a deeper understanding of how the services were provided and received, holistically. The interview process adhered to the University’s (CPUT) ethics rules. The Nam-Hana community's cultural rules were also complied with. Additionally, the participants’ rights and privacy were respected. Actor-network theory (ANT), a socio-technical theory, was used to underpin the study. ANT was used as a guiding lens for both data analysis and the interpretation of findings. As a result of the data analysis, a set of findings (factors influencing access to MOJ services) emerged. The factors include durability of services, immutable mobiles, power dynamics, process automation, and awareness. The interpretation of the findings led to the development of a framework that can be used to integrate the MOJ services with a mobile technology-enabled platform to empower rural communities. The study significantly contributes to the body of knowledge in three ways, namely: theoretically, practically, and methodologically. The study contributes theoretically through the developed framework for the purpose of integration. Practically, the findings of this study can and will inform policymakers and stakeholders about the feasibility, benefits, and potential implications of integrating a mobile technology-enabled platform into the Justice system’s services. Conversely, it guides the development and implementation of technological innovations, ensuring that MOJ services reach even the most remote areas in Namibia. Additionally, the study contributes methodologically, with the use of ANT to examine rural community actor-networks, and it helps us understand how different actors work together in a rural setting, in developing indigenous systems that are easily accessible, equitable, and sustainabe.

The merger of South African municipalities in the year 2000, and the dawn of the era of developmental local government, has confronted local authorities with a range of new challenges. In addition to the need to develop a new organisational culture and mutual trust, or the introduction of soft management actions, municipalities have to aetualise the concepts and processes of co-operative governance, integrated development planning, public participation and developmental local government. In addition, the White Paper on Local Government (WPLG, 1998) implores municipalities to lead and learn while they search for local solutions. An inability to learn and manage in a changed context and circumstances will inevitably lead to public displays of dissatisfaction, such as public demonstrations, that undermine municipalities' legitimacy. To overcome legitimacy dilemmas, municipalities need to strengthen their learning capabilities to enable them to operate effectively within changed circumstances and to become learning organisations. Such organisations, according to Senge (1990), have succeeded in formulating a shared vision, displayed a high level of personal mastery and team learning, as well as practising systems thinking. Together with these elements municipalities must identify and improve potentially constraining mental models. However, transforming any organisation into a learning organisation according to Dilworth (1996) requires a particular set of leadership qualities, such as commitment to the improvement of the quality of work life, democratic leadership and the promotion of human dignity. In this thesis, a learning organisation survey of the Saldanha Bay municipality's leadership cadre, consisting of Municipal Councillors, Executive Directors and Departmental Managers and Division Heads is undertaken with a view to determine whether these key functionaries practise the key learning disciplines of team leaming, shared vision, systems thinking, mental models and personal mastery. The results of this study indicated that the municipality in question has not yet succeeded in becoming a learning municipality. It has at best succeeded in laying a foundation for both councillors and officials to build on in order to achieve the desired result.

A detailed study into the development of a three phase motor drive, inverter and microprocessor controller using a scalar control method. No mathematical modelling of the system was done as the drive was built around available technology. The inverter circuit is of a Vo~tage source inverter configuration whicp uses MOSFETs switching at a base frequency of between 1.2 KHz and 2 KHz. Provision has been made for speed control and dynamic braking for special applications, since the drive is not going to be put into a specific application as yet, it was felt that only a basic control should be implemented and space should be left for special requests from prospective customers. The pulses for the inverter are generated from the HEF 4752 I.e. under the control of the micro processor thus giving the processor full control over the inverter and allowing it to change almost any parameter at any time. Although the report might seem to cover a lot of unimportant ground it is imperative that the reader is supplied with the back-ground information in order to understand where A.e. drives failed in the past and where A.e. drives are heading in the future. As well as where this drive seeks to use available technology to the best advantage.

There is a “decided” relationship between the level of education and the level of development in a country, a higher number of postgraduate qualifications is intrinsically related to the levels of development in a country. South Africa, like any other country, will equally be measured on the basis of the numbers of people doing postgraduate studies as a proportion of the country’s population. The current state as indicated by government statements and development monitors in the SADCC region indicates that the numbers proceeding to masters and doctoral qualifications are exceedingly low. This study focused on the possible causes of the low masters and doctoral graduates in a country rated as having the highest standard of education on the continent. Whilst there will be more people getting up to masters, the doctoral aspirants are disturbingly low, this study focused on this cohort at a selected institution of higher learning. The study used a descriptive research design and a mixed research methodology as this was expected to help in describing the phenomenon. The research was at a selected institute and targeting specifically people who had masters’ degrees, had worked in the system (academic environment) for 10 years, had access to funded doctoral qualifications, but never proceeded to doctoral level. The nature of the target population required purposive (judgmental) sampling to allow for accuracy in the choosing of the sample for the research. A structured questionnaire with open ended questions and a Likert scale for ranking was used, many reasons are given but primarily most people did not have ambition even though there was always someone to blame. Recommendations and suggestions for managing the situation and future studies are detailed in the discussion on findings.

The call for the system design in this book came from a field that grew to be a part of millions of lives in this country. It is a sport which has developed to have a major infrastructure, with large sums of money involved. In fact, the money involved has made it one of the largest tax earners country wide. Due to its high development, competition has become furious and breeders will do their utmost to produce a competitor which would have the slightest edge on the next one. As most people would know by now, the discussion is about the Horse Racing Industry. During the years, owners have relied on various exercising programs and breeding of proven winners to produce new ones. To give the animal the necessary training and simply run it on experience is no longer sufficient. A more scientific approach has become necessary. There exists a need for a system whereby one could monitor certain physiological aspects of the animal. This would not only allow the physical condition of each horse to be monitored, but also allow a more effective and specialized exercise program for each individual animal to be developed, thereby not only improving its ability, but saving on time as well. Tests that were considered included ECG, temperature, and speed measurements. Existing equipment performing the first two tests require the animal to be stationary. This defeats the object of the exercise, as information should be relevant to the animal when under strain. During test periods, the ideal situation would be to allow the horse to perform its exercise routine around the track without any interference. This could best be done by monitoring all the.necessary data via a radio link and having most of the analyzing apparatus in a small and light as possible package on the animal itself.